Construction Project Management - Connecting the UK with Europe Coursework

Construction Project Management - Connecting the UK with Europe - Coursework Example Boring from one end of the English Channel would ensure that the tunnels would progress without major concerns for aligning tunnels to each other. In contrast, if boring was initiated from either end of the English Channel, it would be technically demanding to ensure an accurate alignment of the tunnels when the tunnels met in the middle of the English Channel. The other constraints such as costs of extra machines for boring also had to be balanced against concerns for a time required to complete the project. This and other such aspects of the Channel Tunnel project required that project management expertise and technical expertise be employed to execute the project. Once the project was initiated, the technical risks on the job were managed well enough including some famous overkill such as the useless procurement of new equipment when old equipment was just as effective. As the project progressed, it was affected negatively by two factors inimical to project management – cost variances and schedule. On the one hand the technical risks associated with this iconic project had been well managed and dealt with but on the other hand, a new set of risks had been left alone to be dealt out on their own. Largely the risks left out of the initial planning phase included dealing with government bureaucracy and the associated delays and changes to project scope. While the Channel Tunnel project can be seen as a major achievement in terms of technical progress but it is otherwise a pure project management failure. There is little doubt in anyone’s mind that the Channel Tunnel project was less than a Pyrrhic victory. The initial costing for the project was estimated at some $5.5 billion but the eventual execution cost the project team some $14.5 billion. There was little change in the overall scope of the project but there were myriad changes in the details of the project scope. It was decided initially that the Channel Tunnel would consist of 32 miles (51.5 kilometers) tunnel under the sea to serve two railway links separately.

How Did Mobile Phones Change Cameroon Term Paper

How Did Mobile Phones Change Cameroon - Term Paper Example 9 Works Cited 11 1) What Are The Factors Or Forces In Your Selected Country (Cameroon), Which Leads To Rapid Development Of Mobile Phones? If So Why? Why Is It Faster? An important factor or force that has led towards the development of mobile phones in Cameroon has been related with socio-cultural issues. Increase in per-capita income of the probable users can recognize a major socio-cultural factor for increase in mobile phones in Cameroon. The availability of set out legal and regulatory frameworks to install and set up mobile phone towers has also provided significant benefits towards the growth. Highly advanced and appropriate technology is the other factor that must be considered for better development of the mobile phones according to the huge demand of consumers. In recent years in countries such as Cameroon, subscription of mobile phones has enlarged due to availability of mobile phones at lower costs. A large section of populace has started to use mobile phones in Sub-Sahar an Africa such as Cameroon in the period in between 2000 to 2008 can be apparently witnessed from the growth of mobile phone users from 16 million to 376 million. In some African countries mobile phone is generally used for oral communication instead of reading or typing text messages as these countries have a high level of illiteracy. With regards to Cameroon, cost is an important factor and therefore companies provide the facility of internet access in the handsets in much cheaper sets (Aker & Mbiti, â€Å"Mobile Phones and Economic Development in Africa†). Mobile phone service is highly profitable and is expanding in the emerging markets very rapidly. The growth and the development of the mobile phones have gained a strong position with rise in the population density in Cameroon. The profitability of the mobile phones is related to the demand factors. Apart from this, previously landline connections were being used and it required wires on every road with fewer lines in ea ch for every connection, which turned out to be very expensive. Therefore, mobile phone mechanism evolved that provided a service station within 5-10 kilometers radius which is much cheaper than landlines. Hence, it was found that the use of mobile phones proved to be most effective and gained acceptance among the consumers (Banks & Burge, â€Å"Mobile Phones: An Appropriate Tool for Conservation and Development†). 2) What Is The Status Of Mobile Phones In Cameroon? (Mobile Phone Generation, In Relation With Fixed Phones, Compare With Other Countries, Such As SAR, Bostwana, USA, Korean) The mobile phone revolution is felt across-the-board throughout Cameroon. It has been noted that there has been tremendous rise in the demand for the mobile phone after the liberalization took place in Cameroon by the government in the year 2000. With the invention of liberalized mobile phones administration in Cameroon, there has been rise in the competition among the private companies so tha t customers can be attracted. The figure below shows the mobile phone usage in Cameroon from the year 1996 to the year 2010: Mobile phone is considered as asset in numerous towns and villages of Cameroon. Alike most of the African countries, Cameroonian telecommunication sector has gained huge advantage from the spectacular development since the year 2000 (Zebaze, C. D., â€Å"Impact of Liberalisation of Trade in Services on Africa: Case of